What Is the Resolution of a Story

In a work of literature, the resolution is the part of the storys plot where the main problem is resolved or worked out. The resolution occurs after the falling action and is typically where the story ends. Another term for the resolution is dà ©nouement, which comes from the French term dà ©nouà ©, meaning to  untie. The dramatic structure of a story, whether it is a Greek tragedy or a Hollywood blockbuster, typically includes several elements. Gustav Freytag, a German writer, identified five essential elements—exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dà ©nouement—that together form a storys dramatic arc. These elements can be plotted on a chart, known as Freytags pyramid, with the climax at the peak. The left side of the chart, including the exposition and the rising action, represents the background information and the events that build toward the climax, the point of greatest interest in the story and the point where the protagonist typically undergoes a dramatic change or reversal of fate. The right side of the chart, including the falling action and the dà ©nouement, is what follows the climax. This is the part of the story where conflicts are resolved and tension is released. Often there is a catharsis of some kind, an emotional release that brings satisfaction to the reader. During the dà ©nouement, or resolution, questions and mysteries that arise during the story are typically—though not always—answered and explained. All complete stories have a resolution, even if the author doesnt disclose every last detail to the reader. Examples of Resolutions Because every story has a resolution—whether the story is told through a book, a movie, or a play—examples of resolutions are ubiquitous. The examples below help explain the role of the resolution within the larger dramatic arc. In J.M. Barries Peter Pan, the titular hero—a young boy who loves adventure and never grows old—invites a group of London children to visit the fictional island of Neverland, a magical place home to pirates and mermaids. The rising action of the story is made up of the childrens many adventures, which culminate in a battle between Peter Pan and a one-handed pirate, the dreaded Captain Hook. After Peter defeats Captain Hook, he takes control of the pirates ship and sails it back to London, where Wendy and the other children return to their home. This resolution brings the story back to where it began, the children safe and snug in their beds, away from harm. They have learned a lot from their experience, and are changed for it, but the story has reached a point of stasis, having resolved all of the problems and conflicts created by the rising action. A much different resolution occurs in George Orwells 1984. This dystopian novel, published in 1949, tells the story of Winston Smith, a government employee whose curiosity about the workings of the ruling party lead to great trouble and misery. By the end of the book, Winston is an enemy of the state, and after he is captured by the Thought Police he is sent to Room 101, a torture chamber where victims are confronted with their worst fears. At the prospect of being placed in a cage with rats, Winston is overcome with panic and terror. His spirit broken, he finally betrays his lover, Julia, abandoning his last bit of humanity in a final cry of surrender. Do it to Julia! he shouts, begging to be released. This is the climax of the novel, the point at which Winston makes an irreversible decision, one that marks a fundamental change in his character. Later, after his release, he sits alone in a cafe. He is no longer an enemy of the state, an opponent of the mysterious leader known as Big Brother. He is a different man entirely: Two gin-scented tears trickled down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. The story ends on an unambiguous note. It is, in a sense, a classical resolution, eliminating any mystery about where Winstons allegiances lie. The man is defeated completely, and all of the tension that has propelled the novel is released. There is no longer a question of whether Winston will uncover the truth, or whether the Party will stop him first. By the end, we have the answer.

Morally Innocent Cold Blooded Serial Killers - 2435 Words

Morally Innocent Psychopaths Cold-blooded serial killers. Maniacs. Madmen. Psychopaths. Society understands them as devious, heartless humans. There are many questions surrounding the actions of psychopaths Why do they murder? What could possibly drive someone to take another s precious life away? At first glance, most believe that psychopaths are irrational and are entitled to punishment without fully understanding there clinical disability first. The fundamental cause of psychopathic behavior has to do with their environment and neurological structure. Psychopaths are not morally responsible for their actions, but they are, to a certain extent, criminally responsible. There is an obvious difference between the neurological structure of psychopaths and the average human. There are multiple different scans used to detect different formations. A PET scan will detect brain activity when the subject is given a task. An MRI will show of the size of the components of the brain and if they have changed. To measure brainwaves an EEG is used. Since psychopaths have a different brain structure, their frontal lobe does not function the same as the average person. The frontal lobe is responsible for making judgements, problem solving, and impulse control. They understand the difference between right and wrong, but they simply do not care. The amygdala is accountable for aggression, fear and guilt. Psychopaths lack the ability to perceive guilt. Since there is no guilt, aggression isShow MoreRelatedThe Loose : Serial Killers And Our Society4083 Words   |  17 PagesOn The Loose: Serial Killers and Our Society â€Å"Randie, I’m going to put you in time out if you don’t do your homework!† As children, most of us are accustomed to hearing this kind of negative reinforcement from our parents; it is how we are disciplined. Although Bruno Bettelheim asserts in â€Å"Art, Social Action the Preparation of Democratic Citizens† that punishment is an ineffective method of discipline, it is nonetheless the most common (53). The chapter states: â€Å"Punishment teaches a child that

Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide Free Essays

Anthropology 2 Midterm Study Guide: Professor Li Zhang Midterm Date: October 30, 2012 Week 1 What is the scope of cultural anthropology? Discuss its focus of inquiry, approach, and major changes over time. ?Cultural anthropology is concerned with the nature and extent of social and cultural differences among different societies. Focus on Inquiry: Why there are different cultures and how they came about and are affected or changing. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Focus on Approach: Approaches could be urban, political, legal, medical, psychological, environmental, feminist, etc. Goals: ?Understanding how differences among societies are shaped. Understanding the unequal power relations between societies produced by colonialism, imperialism and contemporary global practices. ?To compare the perspectives of different societies and how each of them interprets the world. Changes in cultural anthropology over time: ?Used to be a way to proves inferiority of others and justify oppression and ethnocentrism. Now its mostly about being critical of inequality, ? We also do fieldwork in western, ‘developed’ countries. ?There is more globalization now. ?Early anthropology focused on studying isolated, tribal societies. ?Over time they began to study large urban industrial societies. Today the scope of cultural anthropology has expanded into various subdivisions, such as urban political, and medical. Compare the two major schools of early ant hropological thought: British social anthropology and French structuralism in terms of their primary concern and focus. British Social Anthropology: ?Emerged in early 20th century. Main founding figure was Malinowski. ?Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard, Gluckman, and Leach also were important figures. ?Two theoretical foundations were functionalism and structural functionalism: 0Functionalism – Explanation of why certain social institutions exist. Explains the cultural responses to basic individual needs that are biological and/or physiological. 0Example: cannibalism may be explained through a survivalist function ?Structural Functionalism – Concerned less with individual needs and actions and more with the place of the individuals in the social order. ?Figures out the relationship of individuals to the larger social body. ?Example: Cannibal Tours – colonists arrived and stripped villages of sacred objects and introduced European monetary system to make the villa gers subordinate During these early years, social anthropology was deeply intertwined with the British colonial government that provided the financial support for research and teaching in anthropology. The primary interest was in Africa – to study their languages and generate knowledge about their political and legal systems. French Structuralism ?Primary figure in school of thought is Levi Strauss. ?Focused on the elementary structures of kinship, mythology, and language. ?Some concerns include the patterns or underlying structures and how seemingly unrelated things may actually be from a complex system of interrelated parts. Form is emphasized over content. ?The internal logic of a culture and its relationship to the structures of human society and human mind. Comparison: ?Both schools of thought are concerned with studying the structure and layout of the society. ?British social anthropology is concerned more with the relation of the individual to society while French structuralism is conce rned with how individuals are connected to one another to form the society (mythologies, language, human mind). Week 2: How does Edward Taylor define â€Å"culture†? Discuss the four key aspects of culture by providing one example for each aspect. Examples can be drawn from the readings, films, or other sources including your own observation. British anthropologist Edward Taylor defines culture as: â€Å"a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society. † The four elements of culture are: 1. Culture is learned. ?Culture can be learned consciously and unconsciously through interacting and imitating the people around us. It can happen in informal settings such as your home, or formal places like churches and schools. Example: as children we learn to imitate words we hear adults speak and learn to speak the language. Proper etiquette is taught by looking at how othe rs behave or from interacting with people who teach it to them. 2. Culture is shared. ?Members of a group share common beliefs, values, memories, and hope. ?Example: American culture is identified with individualism, while Chinese culture is identified with collectivism. This difference can be seen through the food and meals they choose. Americans usually don’t like to share their meals and order individual plates while the Chinese typically share their food and eat family-style. Example: â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari† by Richard Lee 0For Christmas, Lee buys the largest ox to show his gratitude for the Bushmen’s hospitality during his stay. He becomes confused when everyone in the village says that the ox he bought was no good and that is has no meat on it. 0In Bushmen village, it is part of their culture and tradition to insult each other so that people don’t become arrogant. Lee learned this by asking the Bushmen about it, showing how culture i s shared by communication and interaction. 3. Culture is symbolic. Creation of culture depends on the human’s ability to use symbols and be able to have symbolic thought. ?We are able to give meaning to a thing or event and grasp the meaning. It can be arbitrary and conventional and depends on the social context that is widely accepted by society. However, the context can vary for each society. ?Examples: -McDonalds has become a symbol of fast food and unhealthy eating in America, but it is viewed as high class and modern in China. ?Colors tend to have symbolic meanings attached to them. Red represents love, yellow represents life, black represents death, etc. . Culture is dynamic. ?Culture isn’t a static cage to lock people in. It is something that changes over time. ?People use their culture creatively and actively instead of rigidly following the rules. ?There are some differences in culture between groups and societies, but the differences aren’t absolute. ? Cultural hybridization allows different cultural traditions and practices to merge together. 0Examples: – Food culture: fusion of food features a combination of different elements of cultures from all over the world. – Western psychotherapy combines Buddhist meditation with western psychology. What is ethnocentrism? Why is it problematic? In your discussion, draw examples from either Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush† or the film Cannibal Tours. How would a diffusionist argue against ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism is the tendency to use one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure other cultural practices and beliefs. †¢Tendency for people to see their own culture as superior and natural. People make judgments according to their own cultural lens, giving them a narrow perspective; they see all other cultures as inferior to theirs. Examples: Cannibal Tours: The western tourists continuously compared the natives’ lifestyle to their own and saw their culture as primitive and backwards. They saw the natives as uncivilized and poor people who lacked the technology they possessed back at home. Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush†: While reading through Hamlet, both the storyteller and the audience exhibit ethnocentrism. What Bohannan took for granted and viewed as common sense were things that the elders did not understand because it didn’t exist in their culture. Ghosts and the afterlife did not exist in the native’s culture, and young people should not fight against their elders. Elders constantly made remarks about the play as if they knew what was going on, believing that they were telling her the true meaning of Hamlet and how her interpretation of Hamlet is actually wrong. According to Franz Boas, no culture is pure and authentic. Instead, cultural boundaries are porous and cultural exchanges have long existed in human societies. 0Diffusionism shows that all cultures are interrelated to one another, so ethnocentrism does not exist. In Ralph Linton’s â€Å"One Hundred Percent American,† he shows that cultures are not 100% from their own country and that culture is diffused and adapted by various places as part of their culture. What is cultural relativism? Discuss its pros and cons. What is your take on it? Support your argument with evidence and analysis. Cultural Relativism is the view opposite of ethnocentrism: bel ieves that one shouldn’t judge the values and practices of other people according to their own standards. †¢The main idea is to see things from the point of view of those who live their lives. This allows the anthropologist to fully appreciate another culture. Pros: ?Objective approach in doing research; helps anthropologists another culture more thoroughly. ?Promotes unity between cultures and between groups of people in general since it would help people respect and understand each other. Cons: ?Helps justify controversial practices such as female genitalia mutilation, cannibalism, animal sacrifice, etc. *I am of the opinion that cultural relativism is an important philosophy to apply to any anthropological research, however a delicate balance must always strive to be maintained. To me, respect should always be asserted, but human rights should have authority over political correctness. †-malinowski According to Malinowski, what is a holistic approach to doing ethnographic research and why is it important? What constitutes the proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork? Explain three central ethnographic techniques (don’t just list them, but explain in greater detail). A holistic approach in doing ethnographic work is to understand a culture as a whole and all aspects are connected/intertwined and must be understood in relation to one another. The goal of the ethnographer should be to provide an anatomy of the culture, understand the facts and put the focus into a broader context. †¢You must understand that all the small institutions of a culture, such as religion, education, kinship, are all related to one another in order to grasp the meaning as a whole. †¢The proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork is to observe the details of the natives’ family and communal life by staying as close in contact with them as possible and cutting yourself off from the company of anyone else other than the natives. You must immerse yourself into the local society for a long duration because there is a difference between sporadic plunging into the company of the natives and really living with them and connecting with them. Three central ethnographic techniques: 1. Observation and participant observation. ?Careful and detailed observation is important to collect data to answer questions, which requires a lot of patience. ?You should try to be objective and keep away from any bias thoughts or else the collected data will be compromised. You must also remember to be invisible and make sure they don’t know they are being observed or else the data will be inaccurate. ?Participant observation is when you participate in events with the natives in order to analyze and take notes. 0This allows you to get closer to the natives and helps you to better understand their culture through your experience and interaction with them. 2. Interviews. ?Interviews involve asking several individual questions to get a better understanding of the culture from a native’s point of view. The goal of the interviews is to see a pattern that emerges in the answers you receive. ?Interviews can be informal, semi-structured, or structured. ?Informal interview – an interview that doesn’t follow a straight schedule and takes advantage of the opportunity when it arises. ?Semi-structured / structured interview – interviews that are planned out with the questions you want to ask written down and planned beforehand. 0Se mi-structured interviews may have some open ended questions. 0Interviews are the most effective method and are the core of ethnographic research. When you interview people you know, you may get introduced to people that you could possibly interview, and you can therefore gather up more data and opinions for your research. This is called the snowballing effect. 3. Key informants and life histories. ?Also called cultural consultants. These people are important figures that are able to give you more insight and information in various aspects of a culture. 0They are the few people who are willing to tell you more and explain in clear details while incorporating their personal experience to help you understand. Key Informant: Someone you build an amicable relationship with, who acts as a representative of the culture. Generally someone in a high position who will be able to explain the ins and outs of the culture from an intimately informed POV. What are the core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists (discuss at least three)? Why is it important to follow them? The three core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists include: 1. Full disclosure. ?It is important for the anthropologist to be open and honest to the people s/he is studying. Must inform them of every aspect of the study and any consequences that may happen as a result of the study. 2. Informed Consent. ?The people being studied must be well informed about the procedure, and the anthropologist must have them sign a paper or ask for verbal consent before proceeding with the study. 0This is to make sure that they have fully agreed to the terms and have proof that they have willingly volunteered themselves. 3. Pot ential Harm. 0It is the anthropologist’s duty to inform the subject of any consequential harm that may come to them. The anthropologist must ensure not to harm safety, dignity, or privacy of any parties involved. ?It is important to follow the code of ethics in order to avoid any lawsuits and also to make sure that the people being studied are well informed and know exactly what they are signing up for so that no harm will come to them. Week 4: Today most anthropologists recognize that race is a social construct that does not have a biological reality. Discuss how Boas and Montagu each defend this view. What evidence from modern genetics does the film â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion† provide to further support this position? Franz Boas also referred to as the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology,† talks about race as a social construction in his paper, â€Å"Mind of Primitive Man† ? He believes that racial groups never existed, and that races are not as pure as we imagine them to be because migration patterns in the past intertwined cultures together and created diverse groups of people. ?Boas talks about purity and boundedness, stating that biological significance is only possible when races have uniform, closely inbred groups where family lines are alike. However, these conditions can’t be achieved with humans, especially in large populations. He also argues about the instability of populations, meaning that the physical and psychological attributes of people are dynamic and fluctuate constantly to adapt to various circumstances. 0The biological, linguistic, and cultural traits of people are the product of historical development and the environment. Ashley Montagu in her article, â€Å"The Concept of Race in the Human Species in the Light of Genetics,† uses the idea of cooking an omelet as a metaphor for the making of race. 0When an omelet is made, the end result may all look the same, but the ingredients used to make the omelet may vary. This is the basis for the anthropological view of race in that although groups of people may have different appearances and characteristics, everyone is essentially the same. 0His argument is based on modern genetics, stating that no two humans are genetically identical to one another, therefore races cannot categorize groups of people since they don’t share the same genetic background.  ¦Racial characteristics are artificial and have no genetic base. Example of the use of modern genetics in the film, â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion. †¢In the film, a group of students performed an experiment to compare genetic similarities to other classmates using blood samples, skin color, and saliva swaps. The result of the experiment turned out to be different from what they expected. The students found that their genes were most similar to people they least expected, and that there was no correlation between their genetic patterns and their skin color. †¢Dr. Richard Lewo ntin, with the use of gel electrophesis, found that 85% of all variations among humans are between individuals of the same local population. There is as much difference between two individuals of the same race as there is between individuals of different races, so race can’t be determined biologically. What is scientific racism? Why is it flawed and dangerous? Use one of the examples discussed in the lecture to support your argument (Morton versus Gould or The Bell Curve). How do anthropologists understand gender and patriarchy? Provide two examples (from the lecture or your own observation) to show that gender roles change from society to society and from time to time. Scientific Racism is the attempt to prove â€Å"scientifically† that some â€Å"races† are not just different, but superior to others. 0Scientific techniques and observations are usually utilized to prove this belief but the collected data is usually inaccurate and tainted with racist beliefs. Example: Dr. Samuel George Morton versus Stephen J. Gould. †¢Samuel George Morton attempted to prove that some races were superior to others by measuring the skulls of people of different races,  ¦He believed that the cranial capacity of the skulls would tell how intelligent people were. His results concluded that white people were the superior race among other groups, because his measurements showed that they had the largest skulls compared to the others. ?Stephen J. Gould repeated the research and found several errors with Morton’s conclusion. 0Morton manipulated his data by including more female skulls for blacks than for whites, so the measurement for the skulls of the blacks turned out to be smaller. 0When Gould measured again fairly, the average size of a black person’s skull turned out to be much larger than the skull of a white person’s. The data was manipulated because of Morton’s bias. His beliefs caused him to already have the results in mind that he wanted, regardless of what is actually true. Example: The Bell Curve 0A book written by Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray: argues that blacks carry inferior genes of intelligence compared to whites, and so they naturally score lower on IQ tests.  ¦Their low IQ scores are what prevent the blacks from attaining a higher level job, and it is also because of their low intelligence that they have a higher crime rate. The controversy that comes with this claim is that if the government agrees with it, then the blacks should not receive social welfare for their low-income families because they are genetically inferior. Scientific racism is usually incorrectly proven using data that has been deliberately altered to support bias beliefs, so the results are not accurate. The danger that can result from this if it is actually proven, the groups may be neglected or abused, or at the very least treated with social injustice. Gender – All the traits that a culture assigns to and indicates in men and women. It is a social construct of male and female characteristics and roles. ?Gender differences come from culture rather than biology. ?Patriarchy – A social and political system rule by men in which women have inferior social and political status. 0Females are carried out as subordinates to men in this system. Most common in patrilineal societies (involving counting the descent line of the father’s line, which includes property inheritance, names, titles, etc. ) Examples of gender roles changing between societies and through time: ?Forager/hunter and gatherer societies This type of society shows a typical gender division of labor. Men were responsible for hunting and fishing while women were responsible for gathering fruits and nuts. Men would usually bring in more food than women, so the men had a higher social rank in these societies. When women are the ones to contribute more food, then the women would have an equal relationship with the men. ?Agriculture societies Men are assigned to heavy labor such as plowing the field, while women are responsible for domestic work, child rearing, and light far work around the house. These societies tend to have a stronger gender inequality. Industrial societies Gender roles in industrial societies tend to change over time in response to economic conditions and social climates. Before the 1900s, it was common for men, women, and children to work in factories. Things began to change in the 1900s with the large influx of immigrants that increased the male labor force and also brought up ideas that women werenâ €™t fit to work in the factories and should stay home and take care of the kids instead, During WW2, things changed again as men are drafted into the military and women began working in factories again to fill the gap. The women’s return to the factory was received in a positive notion and was even viewed as patriotic. What are gender stereotypes? What is the role of advertising in making and reinforcing gender stereotypes and normalcy? Draw two concrete examples from the film (Killing US Softly) in your discussion. Gender stereotypes – oversimplified yet strongly held ideas about the characteristics of men and women. Advertisements mainly target women and girls about beauty and the ideal body they should have, as well as a childlike / quiet demeanor. Many girls express the fear of being fat, and the number one wish of girls between the age of 11-17 is to be thinner. ?Most of the people who suffer from eating disorders are girls who are self-conscious and obsessive about their body. Examples in Killing us Softly: ?Ads of women of color tend to show them with animal prints which turn them into animals rather than human beings. ?Ads about women who lost weight typically say they were ab le to get married because they lost weight. This gives the idea that women who are fat probably won’t ever get married, and this serves to lower women’s self-esteems even further and increase their drive to become skinnier and purchase products to expedite the process. ?Images of thin women are often used to silence women and put them down. ?Ads show pictures of women exhibiting passive body language such as their hands over their mouths and faces. ?When there is an ad of a man and a woman, the man is usually taller and is looking down at the woman, while the woman looks up and smiles compliantly. This encourages female submission to men and conveys the message that women should be quiet and obedient. According to Martin’s article, how do stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts of the egg-sperm romance? Stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts by how the sperm and the egg are described and how they function. ?The sperm is described as masculine, active, agile, and penetrating, whil e the egg is described as passive, feminine, fragile and dependent. ?The egg is portrayed as a damsel in distress who waits quietly in a still spot for her knight in shining armor, the sperm, to fight his way to her. The female reproductive system is seen as wasteful and a failure while the male reproductive system is seen as productive. ?Scientists question why women are born with so many eggs only to have most of it go to waste, yet the don’t consider the excessive amount of sperm men create as a waste. ?New research found that the sperms aren’t that forceful and what actually matters is that the surface of the egg is what traps the sperm, showing that eggs are more active than previously thought. This shows that the relationship between the egg and the sperm is interactive. Even with this new research, the egg is still viewed in a bad light. ?The more active role of the egg is seen as too aggressive and the reproductive system of women as a dangerous place since it tries to kill sperm cells that enter it. How does Ortner explain why women are universally put in an inferior position to men? Do you agree with her argument? Why or why not? Support your view with evidence. Ortner argues that the subordination of women is a universal idea by referring to how a lot of anthropological literatures show accounts of how women are devalued in society. Symbolic acts of women are believed to justify their inferior role. Menstruation is considered a symbolic act that restricts the freedom of women. During a women’s menstruation period, she was not allowed to come near sacred objects because of the fear that she might contaminate them. Menstruation was believed to be a threat of warfare. ?Social and political structures also serve to affect the status of women in societies, and exclude women from participating in areas with people of high authority. ?Women are associated with nature while men are associated with culture, and culture is typically viewe d as superior to nature. Men use their creativity to create technology and symbols that are transcendental and last for eternity, while women are restricted by their natural duties that involve reproduction and creating life.  ¦Destruction of life by men has more prestige and is viewed as transcendental, while creation of life by women is regarded as less important.  ¦The things that men create last forever while what women produce are doomed to die.  ¦The reason why women are associated with nature more is because of their physiology, social role, and psyche. ?No I do not agree with Ortner. I believe that these views are socially constructed, and that we’ve evolved past them. Week 5: What are the five different economic systems in the world? Define each briefly. ?Forager: hunting and gathering; moving from place to place; gender roles due to unequal division of labor, egalitarian (old people are respected). ?Horticulture: Cultivation with simple tools, fields not permanent property (slash and burn) mobility, depend on rainfall. ?Agriculture: Use animals for food and labor. These groups are less mobile, live in larger and more permanent settlements, and use advanced irrigation systems. Pastoral: Focus on domesticated animals for food; nomadic. ?Industrial: Mechanized forces, factories, and technology for mass production; increased population density. Briefly explain the three basic principles that govern exchanges according to Karl Polanyi. ?The Market Principle: Supply and Demand, Capitalism. Coffee beans they were selling. Export of crop. ?Redistribution: Social ism; Goods move from local level to center: taxation, welfare. Redistributing the pigs and wealth within the people. ?Reciprocity: exchange between those who are socially equal (gift economies); want to give back. What is a moral economy? What is a system of total service defined by Marcel Mauss? ?Moral Economy: A type of economy in which economic activities are an integral part of social relations and moral obligations. Economic and non-economic activities and institutions are embedded in one another. Economic activities and exchange systems are governed by conceptions of social justice, norms, and expectations. ?Systems of total service – The exchange is not solely about property and wealth, but also about the social and moral obligations. Part of the more general and enduring contract. According to Marcel Mauss, why does a gift have the special power to cause its recipient to pay it back? ?The Power – Gifts are never â€Å"free,† so they give rise to reciprocal exchanges. The giver does not merely give an object, but also a part of him/herself. This intrinsic bondage weighs on the conscience of the recipient. What is potlatch? How do Ruth Benedict, Marcel Mauss, and Marvin Harris explain why potlatch exists? ?Potlatch means to give away, or a gift; it is a festival ceremony, and its goal is to give away joy and wealth – more than the rival. Explanations – 0Ruth Benedict: Driven by obsession with prestige and status, (because the more that you give the more prestige you claim). 0Marcel Mauss: Compelled by reciprocity, (responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kindness). 0Marvin Harris: Serves an economic purpose (rational cultural adaptation). Says that potlatch is a logical cultural mechanism. Says that par ticipating in potlatches creates a constant flow of goods. Serves as an economic purpose, human social life is a response to practical problems of earthly existence. How to cite Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide, Essay examples

Literature Review International Wine Industry

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor International Wine Industry. Answer: Introduction Australian wine industry has gained a significant place in the international wine industry. In about 200 years, the industry has grown from very few plants to a renowned industry for quality, depth and innovation, worldwide. Australian wine industry has been one of the top ten wine producing countries throughout the world as well as one of the countries that make each of the major wine styles. However, to understand the success of the industry, it is important to figure out how much consumers are liking and seeking the wine products (Balestrini and Gamble 2006). Moreover, while doing business in foreign country, it is important to understand consumer behaviour trends towards wine products along with their demand and pricing strategy of the country. In addition, it should also be reviewed that whether there are significant opportunities to conduct business between China and Australia. Literatures have been suggested a potential and profitable business within Australia and China wine i ndustry since a long period (Somogyi et al. 2011). Here, in this review, the literatures related to the competitive strategies of Australian wine industry will be compared with the Chinese and European brands for their success in Chinese industry, along with the analysis of political, legal and market trends of wine industry. Australia is a large country, with every climate and soil type, thus, the country is capable for producing all the main types of wine including red, white, fortified, sweet and sparkling wines. Australia consist some older grape vines throughout the world. Australian wines are sold in more than 100 countries, as argued by Li et al. (2011). It is one of the chief exporters of wine among the world. UK is bringing in wine from Australia compared to France. However, in China, France is the importer. Australian wine exports have grown to $2.1 billion every year; the average price paid for Wine grapes has become $526/ tonne, which has been grown by 14 % (Williamson et al. 2012). One of the key reasons behind growth and success in Chinese market is the growing middle class in china, who are now able to pay for top shelf wines. Competitive Strategy France is dominating the Chinese wine industry with a market share of 48 %, whereas Australia has a 14 % share. Australia is the second largest wine exporter by value and third largest wine industry by volume in 2012. Australia is giving significant effort to change the image from the quality wine provider to a relatively cheap and diverse range of wine producer. The Chilean wines increased by 52.8 % in first half of 2014, the Chilean and Italian wine are the key competitors at core price segment with Australian wines, particularly in middle to high-end price array, as reported by Lereboullet et al. (2013). EU wine exports to Chine have reached about 257.3 million litres in 2012 with a value of about $1 billion, which is approximately 10 fold increase since 2006 as rapidly increasing wealth changed the lifestyle and taste in the country (Anderson and Nelgen 2015). However, fake European wine is more worrying than tariffs. For this China has escalated a trade dispute with the EU trade through the announcement of an anti-dumping investigation into EU wine exports. The top Chinese wine brands include Yantai Changyu Group Company Limited, China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd and Tonghua Grape Wine Co. Ltd. The top selling imported foreign brand of Australia in 2008 was Jacobs Creek and from France, Castel Freres and Rochemazet (Anderson and Wittwer 2013). The Australian share in Chinese wine industry has been increased for customers demand for premium wines. This has boosted up the Australian wine export by 7 % in 2016, which has been reached to $2.2 bn. The annual export report has represented the standard value of Australias wine exports, which has been raised 6 % to $2.96/ litre (Giuliani et al. 2011). This strong growth of Australian wine export is due to Australian bottled wines. The China-Australia free trade agreement, 2015 allowed the strong growth to bottled Australian premium wines in both value and volume. Operating Cost in China In Australia, the export priced $ 10 per litre, but it is 47 % high in china. However, the operating cost of conducting business in China is even on rise. China introduced two taxes for the foreign corporations, as argued by Camillo (2012). The foreign companies are now bound to pay education and urban maintenance taxes. According to social insurance law, the foreign marketers should maintain regulations of work injury, health, unemployment and maternity insurance, it will be beneficial for uninsured foreign nationals, but will impose additional operating costs on such corporations, which are providing international insurance coverage for workers (Bo Liu et al. 2014). Pricing To establish a good market in the Chinese industry, the Australian as well as European brands need to understand the Chinese markets prancing strategy. As it has been seen that the consumers behaviour has been shifted towards expensive price, the pricing strategy should be aligned with that. Chinese customers symbolises red wine as a symbol of wealth, thus they are sensitive to high price. Purchasing an expensive premium Australian, French or Italian wine helps to earn face in China. In this context, Chinese wine consumers are usually market followers and they seek to feel safe about their purchase, instead of losing face towards their guests (Zhang et al. 2013). The Australian premium bottled wine has enhanced Chinese customers thrust, as they are not losing their face, while purchasing this wine. In contrast, the European brands are not providing quality wines at highly expensive price, which is promoting consumers loss of face, which has in turn pushed raise of wine war. In 2014, the total import value was reached US$1.9 bn, which was 37 %, as reported by (Fleming et al. 2014). It indicated that average price of import bottled wines remained same in compared to 2014. The increase of bottled Australian wines in both volume and value consequentially increased the average price of Australian bottled wines in China. Within next 12 months, it is expected by china to become Australias second largest wine export. According to this agreement, in 2019, China will abolish the import tariff on Australian wines in full (Muhammad et al. 2015). Labelling The packaging and labelling are two key factors, affecting the wine business. The CIQ or China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau have been categorised wines in production batches, with the requirement of separate labelling. The production batches for the wine from a diverse production unit will be dissimilar, irrespective of similarity of labelling. The wine industry and the retail sector drivers have showed that attractive front label is one of most important element that is affecting customers purchasing behaviour. Initially, the back labels are more important for motivating the purchasing behaviours of customers. It has been revealed from consumer survey that Chinese citizen prefers wines from developed countries with high price, instead of local wine manufacturer. In addition, information on label is also important for wine producers to influence customers purchase behaviour (Zhang et al. 2013). According to Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 and Food Stand ards Code, Australian premium bottled wines come with proper labelling, which include declaration of alcohol, statement of number of standards drinks, proper logo or the brand, information regarding manufacturing and expiry date and he name of producing country (Bo Liu et al. 2014). On the other hand, in European industry, according to the wine law and regulation in Europe, the compulsory items should be on the label which include sales design, alcoholic strength or the drink, nominal volume, lot number, presence of sulphite indication about the person involved in marketing quality wine, manufacturing date and location. Both of the countries showed potential labelling strategies for providing customers important information. Functioning There is no particular licence requirement for importation of wine from EU. For importing, an EU brand needs to manage customs clearance itself along with the registration of Chinese subsidiary as a foreign trade operator after establishment. In addition, the importer should follow the Chinese food safety law and other appropriate regulations. Moreover, the foreign shareholders appealing in distribution of food and beverages need to appeal for the food distribution permission at local Administration of industry and commerce. Compared to local Chinese brands and European brands, Australian brands are being preferred by the Chinese consumers due to their premium quality and pricing strategy (Bo Liu et al. 2014). Usually wine is consumed at occasions and celebrations. Moreover, unlike the other types of alcoholic beverages, wine is highly consumed by aged population along with the young generation. People see it as the indication of success, which helps them to show their wealth and hap piness, thus, the quality is not compromised for the high price. This is the point, where the Australian wine manufacturers are growing significantly by providing premium quality wines in a range of variety. Due to the perfect climate and the acceptance of Australian wines taste to the Asian, the Australian red wine has a competitive advantage compared to Chinese or European countries. Factors and Opportunities in China Market Associated with Success of Australian Wine Industry There several political, economic, cultural as well as social factors, which promoted the success of Australian, wine industry to grow significantly in Chinese market Curran and Thorpe (2015) argued that Australia has significant opportunity to grow in this country with the support of both Australian government as well as the consumers. It is because, it has been revealed that Chinese consumers prefer expensive imported wines, with a high quality and the Australian premium bottle wine has enhanced Chinese citizens thirst significantly. On the other hand, China wine industry has targeted to be Australias largest market for export. Australian wine export value has been increased to 14 %, reaching $2.1 billion in 2015. Chinas market environment has played a key role following the success story of Australia. The soaring demand of china has helped potentially to drive the Australian wine exports value to the highest level, prior financial crisis. Australian wine is being exported with rec ord growth in the top 15 export markets of the world. Though USA is the still the most profit-making export market for Australian wine industry, China have already undertaken initiative for being Australias largest export market. The chief consumers of Australian wine are the Chinese citizen, claimed by (Balestrini and Gamble 2006). The partnership within Australia and China through Free Trade Agreement has positively pushed access of Australian wine business in the country, by eliminating the issues regarding taxation policies and foreign business regulations in China (Roy 2016). The China FTA originated at the year ending, which will have a significant impact upon tariff reduction to ensure further growth opportunity in China market. China has also supported the growth of Australian wine business by providing the choice of e-commerce and partnership with the major Chinese online retailer. In addition, the growth has even pushed further by the expensive price of a bad quality wine provided in middle kingdom, which has been overwhelmed by the Australian premium quality and best priced wine (Zhongguo-wine.com 2017). Finally, it helps Australia to combat with conflicts that may be raised in pricing to import licensing, marketing, language and packaging. Hypothesis: Ha Australia has a high potential to grow and sustain significantly in Chinese wine industry, which enhances the opportunity for new Australian wine company to start business in this foreign market. Conclusion From the review of existing literatures related to Australian wine business in China revealed that Australia has been on a right tract to conquer the Chinese market but Australia should think about the ways to elaborating any marketing campaign by the Chinese social media for adapting in Chinese culture. To sum up all the findings from the literatures reviewed, it has been revealed that it is suitable for Australian company to start a business in China. However, it is tough for new foreign entrants to explore the Chinese market initially, thus it would take some time for building the relationship, but once the partnership is established properly, there is a high potential for the Australian wine company to target Chinese customers with their needed flavour and taste of premium quality wine. Reference List Anderson, K. and Nelgen, S., 2015.Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium(p. 468). University of Adelaide Press. Anderson, K. and Wittwer, G., 2013. Modeling global wine markets to 2018: exchange rates, taste changes, and China's import growth.Journal of Wine Economics,8(02), pp.131-158. Balestrini, P. and Gamble, P., 2006. Country-of-origin effects on Chinese wine consumers.British Food Journal,108(5), pp.396-412. Bo Liu, H., McCarthy, B., Chen, T., Guo, S. and Song, X., 2014. The Chinese wine market: a market segmentation study.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,26(3), pp.450-471. Camillo, A.A., 2012. A strategic investigation of the determinants of wine consumption in China.International Journal of Wine Business Research,24(1), pp.68-92. Curran, L. and Thorpe, M., 2015. Chinese FDI in the French and Australian wine industries: Liabilities of foreignness and country of origin effects. Fleming, E., Mounter, S., Grant, B., Griffith, G. and Villano, R., 2014. The New World challenge: Performance trends in wine production in major wine-exporting countries in the 2000s and their implications for the Australian wine industry.Wine Economics and Policy,3(2), pp.115-126. Giuliani, E., Morrison, A. and Rabellotti, R. eds., 2011. Innovation and technological catch-up: The changing geography of wine production. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lereboullet, A.L., Beltrando, G. and Bardsley, D.K., 2013. Socio-ecological adaptation to climate change: A comparative case study from the Mediterranean wine industry in France and Australia.Agriculture, ecosystems environment,164, pp.273-285. Li, J.G., Jia, J.R., Taylor, D., Bruwer, J. and Li, E., 2011. The wine drinking behaviour of young adults: an exploratory study in China.British food journal,113(10), pp.1305-1317. Muhammad, A., Leister, A.M., McPhail, L. and Chen, W., 2014. The evolution of foreign wine demand in China.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,58(3), pp.392-408. Roy, R., 2016.The China hand in Australias wine exports: Soaring demand rakes in $2.1 billion, highest since 2007. [online] International Business Times AU. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.com.au/china-hand-australias-wine-exports-soaring-demand-rakes-21-billion-highest-2007-1501794 [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017]. Somogyi, S., Li, E., Johnson, T., Bruwer, J. and Bastian, S., 2011. The underlying motivations of Chinese wine consumer behaviour.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,23(4), pp.473-485. Williamson, P.O., Robichaud, J. and Francis, I.L., 2012. Comparison of Chinese and Australian consumers' liking responses for red wines.Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,18(3), pp.256-267. Zhang Qiu, H., Yuan, J., Haobin Ye, B. and Hung, K., 2013. Wine tourism phenomena in China: an emerging market.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(7), pp.1115-1134. Zhongguo-wine.com, 2017.Will Australian Wines succeed to conquer China ? | Zhongguo Wine. [online] Zhongguo-wine.com. Available at: https://www.zhongguo-wine.com/2016/01/28/will-australian-wines-succeed-to-conquer-china/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017].